![]() The present study focuses on the most successful experiences in the management and development of international river basins worldwide, as well as studying the possibility of implementing these experiences in other basins, especially the River Nile basin. In the light of this Egyptian attention was directed towards a study of worldwide transboundary water problems, in order to find the most effective methods for dealing successfully with water shortage problems in basin countries. The problematic water situation in Egypt, as one of the River Nile basin countries, has been heightened by the harmful effects of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Egypt’s share of the Nile water. Each paradigm offers a specific view of conflictive and or cooperative relations on shared water resources in transboundary river basins so choosing each of them will give a specific strategy for a riparian country in transboundary water management. The results show that due to complex relationships among "water, politics, security and identity", analyzing hydropolitical interactions requires learning to think across paradigms, or perhaps beyond paradigms. The purpose of this study is to explain reflections of the Realism and the Liberalism paradigms and their theories in hydrolpolitical interactions by a theoretical-fundamental methodology. Because it shows what are the deficiencies of policies and strategies and how can they improve. ![]() There have been various paradigms throughout history with regard to hydropolitical interactions, which are so important to be understood. These issues in transboundary waters are directly affected by the political, social, and security relationships of governments, which can affect mid and long-term states' strategies. Increasing hydropolitical challenges becomes one of the key strategic issues for international relations. This also highlights the importance of the depoliticization of Hirmand water interactions for preventing political frictions in hydropolitical relationships. In other words, Iran and Afghanistan's water conflict needs outside the water box's solutions. Therefore, the riparian states should rely on the interdependencies in social-economic, cultural, and security fields in order to create a sustainable and equitable relationship, which ultimately can create common values and norms in riparians’ water interactions. The result of the TWINs framework and past experiences shows that bargaining purely over technical issues in the Hirmand River Basin cannot put water allocation in this basin in a peaceful situation. As a matter of fact, the existence of a bad treaty over shared water, in addition to the international funds and supports from constructing dams in Afghanistan has been given the upper hand to Afghanistan in current negotiations over the Hirmand River Basin. But due to the westernization tendency and anti-Iranian sentiment procedure in Afghanistan during 2010-2020, water conflict has been increased and is opportunitized. ![]() Analyzing coexisting conflict and cooperation in the Hirmand River by TWINs framework shows that from 1870 until 2020, in most periods, the Hirmand water conflicts have been politicized. This study applied the "Transboundary Waters Interaction Nexus (TWINs)" framework to the Hirmand/Helmand River hydropolitical interactions to figure out what can be learned by policy and decision makers by studying the past experiences about transforming conflicts and current ambitions. This article analyzes international documents and information, existing international laws on transboundary waters, as well as existing water treaties between countries. International rules and regulations on transboundary water resources include Helsinki Rules, European Water Convention, United Nations Water Convention in 1997, and Berlin Water Resources Rules. Boundary waters bank how to#The main challenge of disputes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is how to divide the water resources. ![]() Lack of familiarity with international water laws and different principles in the exploitation of globally shared water resources can significantly increase the tensions and conflicts between cross-border water resources countries. It is, therefore, predicted that the water shortage crisis would be a critical factor in future tensions and conflicts in the world. The dramatic increase in water consumption and the scarcity of water resources have led many countries to take advantage of international rivers and shared water resources. Some analysts have predicted that the next century will witness a war on water resources. With the declining availability of available water resources, the number and seriousness of water disputes between countries located in shared watersheds have increased. ![]()
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